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Pharaoh (Old English poem)
''Pharaoh'' is the editorial name given to a fragmentary, eight-line Old English poem on folio 122r of the later tenth-century anthology known as the Exeter Book.
==Genre==
Critical discussion has focused on the genre of the poem.〔Principally Joseph B. Trahern, 'The ''Ioca Monachorum'' and the Old English ''Paraoh''’, ''English Language Notes'', 7 (1970-71), 165-68.〕 It is preserved in a collection which also contains the Exeter Book Riddles, but is not technically a riddle in form, but rather a dialogic question about arcane wisdom, and is not traditionally counted among the riddles themselves.〔Patrick J. Murphy, ''Unriddling the Exteter Riddles'' (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2011), pp. 34-36.〕 Other question-and-answer texts in Old English include the much longer ''Solomon and Saturn.
The poem bears a certain affinity to one version of the ''Ioca monachorum'', in which the question is posed how many the Egyptians were who pursued the Israelites, and the answer (1,800) depends on one knowing that where were 600 chariots (Ex. 14.7) and three men in each (according to the canticles in the Roman Psalter). One of the two damages places in the text, Trahern suggests, may actually have provided the reader with the ability to divine the correct answer by referring to three-man chariots.〔Robert D. Fulk, Christopher M. Cain (eds), ''A History of Old English Literature'', 2nd edn (Chichester: Wiley, 2013), citing Joseph B. Trahern, 'The ''Ioca Monachorum'' and the Old English ''Paraoh''’, ''English Language Notes'', 7 (1970-71), 165-68.〕
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